Sri Lanka, the teardrop-shaped island in the Indian Ocean, is a treasure trove of Buddhist heritage and spiritual significance. For over two millennia, Buddhism has been an integral part of Sri Lankan culture, shaping its art, architecture, and way of life. This ancient land offers a unique opportunity to explore the living traditions of Theravada Buddhism, with its awe-inspiring temples, sacred relics, and serene meditation sites.
Ancient theravada buddhism in sri lanka's cultural landscape
Theravada Buddhism, known as the "Doctrine of the Elders," has been the predominant form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka since its introduction in the 3rd century BCE. This school of Buddhism emphasises the attainment of nirvana through individual effort and strict adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha. The island's commitment to preserving these teachings has earned it the moniker "Dhammadipa" or "Island of the Dharma."
As you explore Sri Lanka, you'll encounter numerous archaeological sites, ancient cities, and living monasteries that bear testament to the enduring influence of Theravada Buddhism. These sacred spaces not only showcase remarkable architectural achievements but also serve as centres of learning and spiritual practice.
Anuradhapura: epicenter of sri lankan buddhist heritage
The ancient city of Anuradhapura, a UNESCO World Heritage site, stands as a remarkable testament to the early flowering of Buddhist civilization in Sri Lanka. Founded in the 5th century BCE, Anuradhapura served as the island's capital for over a millennium, during which it became a thriving centre of Buddhist scholarship and monastic life.
Sri maha bodhi: world's oldest documented tree
At the heart of Anuradhapura stands the Sri Maha Bodhi, a sacred fig tree believed to be a sapling from the original Bodhi tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. Planted in 288 BCE, it is considered the oldest historically documented tree in the world. The tree's presence has made Anuradhapura a major pilgrimage site for Buddhists from across the globe.
As you approach the Sri Maha Bodhi, you'll notice the reverence with which pilgrims offer flowers and prayers. The tree is surrounded by golden railings and is carefully tended to by dedicated caretakers. Its significance in Sri Lankan Buddhism cannot be overstated, as it represents a living link to the Buddha himself.
Ruwanwelisaya stupa: architectural marvel of dutugemunu
The Ruwanwelisaya Stupa, also known as the Great Stupa, is an iconic symbol of Anuradhapura's Buddhist heritage. Commissioned by King Dutugemunu in the 2nd century BCE, this massive white dome rises to a height of 103 meters, dominating the city's skyline. The stupa is believed to enshrine relics of the Buddha and is considered one of the most sacred sites in Sri Lankan Buddhism.
As you circumambulate the stupa, you'll notice intricate carvings and friezes depicting various Buddhist stories and symbols. The sheer scale of the monument is a testament to the advanced engineering skills of ancient Sri Lankan architects and the devotion of the people who built it.
Jetavanaramaya: monumental brick structure of the ancient world
The Jetavanaramaya Stupa, built in the 3rd century CE, was once the third-tallest structure in the ancient world, surpassed only by the Great Pyramids of Giza. This colossal brick structure stands as a testament to the architectural prowess of ancient Sri Lankans and their dedication to the Buddhist faith.
With an estimated 93.3 million baked bricks used in its construction, the Jetavanaramaya is an engineering marvel that continues to astound visitors. As you explore the ruins surrounding the stupa, you'll gain insight into the vast monastic complex that once thrived here, housing thousands of monks and serving as a centre of Buddhist learning.
Abhayagiri vihara: centre of mahayana and vajrayana learning
The Abhayagiri Vihara, founded in the 1st century BCE, was not only a significant monastic complex but also a centre for the study of various Buddhist traditions. Unlike the strictly Theravada institutions, Abhayagiri was known for its openness to Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist teachings, making it a hub of intellectual and spiritual diversity.
As you wander through the extensive ruins of Abhayagiri, you'll encounter intricately carved moonstone entrances, guard stones, and the remains of elaborate structures that once housed thousands of monks. The site offers a glimpse into the cosmopolitan nature of ancient Sri Lankan Buddhism and its connections to the wider Buddhist world.
Polonnaruwa's medieval buddhist resurgence
After the decline of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa emerged as the medieval capital of Sri Lanka from the 11th to 13th centuries CE. This period saw a remarkable resurgence in Buddhist art and architecture, blending influences from South India with traditional Sinhalese styles.
Gal vihara: Rock-Cut buddha statues of parakramabahu I
The Gal Vihara complex, commissioned by King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century, is renowned for its colossal rock-cut Buddha statues. These masterpieces of medieval Sinhalese sculpture showcase the pinnacle of artistic achievement during Polonnaruwa's golden age.
As you approach the Gal Vihara, you'll be struck by the serene beauty of the four Buddha statues carved from a single granite boulder. The largest, a reclining Buddha measuring 14 meters in length, is particularly impressive. The intricate details and the spiritual aura emanating from these statues make the Gal Vihara a must-visit site for anyone interested in Buddhist art and iconography.
Lankathilaka image house: brick sanctuary of colossal proportions
The Lankathilaka Image House stands as one of the most imposing structures in Polonnaruwa. This massive brick building, with walls standing 17 meters high, once housed a colossal standing Buddha statue. Although only the lower portion of the statue remains today, the sheer scale of the building gives visitors a sense of the grandeur of medieval Sri Lankan Buddhist architecture.
As you explore the Lankathilaka, take note of the remaining frescoes and the intricate brickwork that has survived centuries of tropical weather. The site offers a unique opportunity to imagine the splendour of Polonnaruwa at its height and the devotion that inspired such monumental constructions.
Vatadage: circular relic house of tooth and bowl relics
The Vatadage, or circular relic house, is a distinctive architectural feature of Polonnaruwa. This elegant structure is believed to have housed the Buddha's tooth relic and his alms bowl. The circular design, with its concentric terraces and four entrances aligned to the cardinal directions, reflects the cosmic symbolism inherent in Buddhist architecture.
As you climb the steps of the Vatadage, you'll notice the exquisitely carved moonstones and guard stones at each entrance. The central dagoba, surrounded by four seated Buddha statues, creates a serene atmosphere for contemplation and worship. The Vatadage exemplifies the refined aesthetic sensibilities of Polonnaruwa's architects and their ability to create spaces that inspire spiritual reflection.
Cave temples of dambulla: living buddhist art gallery
The Dambulla Cave Temple complex, another UNESCO World Heritage site, offers a unique insight into the evolution of Buddhist art in Sri Lanka over nearly two millennia. These five caves, transformed into temples starting from the 1st century BCE, house an impressive collection of Buddha statues and vibrant frescoes covering nearly every surface.
As you enter the caves, you'll be surrounded by a riot of colours and forms, with over 150 Buddha statues and countless paintings depicting scenes from the Buddha's life and Sri Lankan history. The artistic styles span various periods, providing a visual timeline of Sri Lankan Buddhist art. The Cave of the Great Kings, with its 14-meter-long reclining Buddha statue, is particularly awe-inspiring.
The Dambulla caves are not just a museum of ancient art; they remain an active place of worship, where you can witness devotees offering prayers and monks performing rituals, creating a living connection to Sri Lanka's Buddhist heritage.
Kandy's temple of the sacred tooth relic: dalada maligawa
The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Kandy, known locally as Sri Dalada Maligawa, is perhaps the most revered Buddhist site in Sri Lanka. Housing a tooth relic of the Buddha, this temple complex has been a centre of pilgrimage and political power for centuries.
Esala perahera: annual procession honoring buddha's tooth
The Esala Perahera, held annually in July or August, is one of the most spectacular Buddhist festivals in the world. This ten-day celebration features elaborate processions with dozens of decorated elephants, traditional dancers, drummers, and torch-bearers parading through the streets of Kandy.
If you're fortunate enough to visit during the Esala Perahera, you'll witness a breathtaking display of Sri Lankan culture and devotion. The highlight of the procession is the tusker carrying the casket containing the sacred tooth relic, a sight that draws thousands of pilgrims and spectators from across the island and beyond.
Alut maligawa: modern addition to ancient shrine complex
The Alut Maligawa, or New Palace, is a recent addition to the Temple of the Tooth complex. This modern structure houses a museum dedicated to Buddhism and the history of the tooth relic. Its exhibits include gifts from various Buddhist countries and artefacts related to the temple's history.
As you explore the Alut Maligawa, you'll gain a deeper understanding of the tooth relic's significance in Sri Lankan Buddhism and its role in the island's political history. The museum offers a valuable context for appreciating the living traditions you'll encounter in the main temple.
Octagon: pattirippuwa library of sacred buddhist texts
The Pattirippuwa, or Octagon, is a distinctive eight-sided structure within the Temple of the Tooth complex. Originally built as a library for sacred Buddhist texts, it later served as an audience hall for Kandyan kings. Today, it houses a collection of palm leaf manuscripts and other religious artefacts.
As you visit the Octagon, take a moment to appreciate its unique architecture and its role in preserving Sri Lanka's Buddhist literary heritage. The structure serves as a reminder of the close relationship between Buddhism and royal power in pre-colonial Sri Lanka.
Contemporary buddhist practice and pilgrimage in sri lanka
While Sri Lanka's ancient Buddhist sites are awe-inspiring, Buddhism remains a living, vibrant tradition on the island. Contemporary Buddhist practice in Sri Lanka blends ancient rituals with modern interpretations, adapting to the challenges of the 21st century while maintaining its core spiritual principles.
Adam's peak: Multi-Faith summit pilgrimage site
Adam's Peak, known in Sinhala as Sri Pada, is a conical mountain that has been a pilgrimage site for centuries. Buddhists believe the depression at its summit is the footprint of the Buddha, while other faiths attribute it to Adam, Shiva, or St. Thomas.
Climbing Adam's Peak is a popular pilgrimage for both locals and tourists, especially during the pilgrimage season from December to May. The challenging ascent, often undertaken at night to reach the summit for sunrise, offers a unique spiritual experience. As you climb alongside pilgrims of various faiths, you'll witness the inclusive nature of Sri Lankan spirituality and the breathtaking beauty of the island's central highlands.
Mihintale: birthplace of sri lankan buddhism
Mihintale, a mountain peak near Anuradhapura, is revered as the site where Buddhism was first introduced to Sri Lanka. According to tradition, it was here that the Indian Buddhist monk Mahinda met King Devanampiyatissa in the 3rd century BCE, leading to the king's conversion and the establishment of Buddhism on the island.
Today, Mihintale remains an important pilgrimage site, with several religious monuments scattered across its slopes. As you climb the 1840 steps to the summit, you'll pass ancient rock inscriptions, ruins of monastic buildings, and several stupas. The panoramic view from the top offers a moment of serene contemplation, connecting you to the long history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
Kelaniya raja maha vihara: site of buddha's third visit
The Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara, located just outside Colombo, is believed to be the site of the Buddha's third and final visit to Sri Lanka. This ancient temple, with a history dating back over 2,500 years, continues to be a vibrant centre of Buddhist worship and cultural activity.
As you explore the temple grounds, you'll encounter beautiful murals depicting scenes from the Buddha's life and Sri Lankan history. The annual Duruthu Perahera, held in January, is a colourful pageant that attracts thousands of devotees. Visiting Kelaniya offers insight into how urban Sri Lankans maintain their Buddhist traditions in a rapidly modernizing society.
Sri Lanka's Buddhist heritage is not just a relic of the past but a living tradition that continues to shape the island's culture and society. From the ancient ruins of Anuradhapura to the bustling temples of modern Colombo, Buddhism in Sri Lanka offers a unique window into the evolution of one of the world's great spiritual traditions. Whether you're a devout Buddhist, a student of religious history, or simply a curious traveller, exploring Sri Lanka's Buddhist sites promises a journey of discovery and spiritual enrichment.